Create Object Instances
Class Definition
To create an instance of an object, first we need to have the full definition of the class, which includes 3 main components: Instance Variables, Constructors, and Methods.
Create Objects: Reference-Type Variable
Once we have the class definition, such as our Button class, then in order to create an instance of a class object, we do several things:
1. Create a Reference-Type variable: We need to declare that we will make an object of that specific data-type, so we must create a reference variable that we can use to access (or refer) to our object instance.
Button myButton; //declare a reference-type variable, this can point to a Button object (it can hold the memory address of a Button-type object);
The default value for a reference-type variable is 'null'.
null keyword is a literal value that means an reference-type variable does not currently refer to an object instance. This allows us to test whether or not a reference-variable currently contains a valid memory address of an object.
Button myButton; when we first declare an object reference, it is null;
myButton = null; Allows us explicitly set an object reference to null
2. Call a valid Constructor Method (function) to create an object instance:
We need to use the keyword
new
to call a constructorwe need to call one of the constructors we defined in the class.
Executing: new Button() does several things:
it creates memory for our object in the 'Heap', the memory place where objects are stored for our program.
it executes code in the constructor method, this is a good place to initialize variables for our object
We will usually call a constructor using the following syntax:
myButton = new Button()
- this sets the value of our object reference variable to be the memory address location in the heap where our object data is stored.
3. Use the Object Instance: once we have an object reference variable which is pointing to an object instance, the memory location of our object's data , now we can call methods of the object using dot notation: myButton.Click();
or we can modify instance variables myButton.x = 5;
4. Null pointer exception: If we try to do step 3 before we've done both step 1 and 2, we try to use an reference variable to call object methods,....before we have established a connection between our reference variable and an object instance....then we'll get a null pointer Exception
.
5. Multiple references to a single object: It is perfectly ok to have more than 1 object reference variable pointing to an object instance
. This would look like:
6. Passing Objects into Functions as Parameters
When we call a function or a method, if the function has an input parameter which is an object: then the address of the object is passed into the function. So, changes made to the function's local-parameter reference-variable are actually affecting the object, since it points to the same object adddress.
When this function completes executing, then the local parameter, localButton, is destroyed, so it's no longer pointing at the object.
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